Caryophyllene — the CB2-active cannabis terpene

β-Caryophyllene (BCP) is a bicyclic sesquiterpene with the molecular formula C₁₅H₂₄ and a scientific peculiarity: it is the only known cannabis terpene that binds directly and selectively to the CB2 receptor of the endocannabinoid system (Gertsch et al. 2008). It is therefore formally a "phytocannabinoid" — without psychoactive effect. Outside cannabis it occurs in black pepper, clove, cinnamon, hops and rosemary. In cannabis, typical levels are 0.05 %–3.5 % dry weight, with the highest values in "gassy" chemovars such as GSC, Original Glue or Bubba Kush.

Peppery, spicy, woody — β-caryophyllene is the only known cannabis terpene that itself acts as a cannabinoid at CB2.

Aroma

Sensorially: peppery, spicy, distinct clove and cinnamon, warm-woody. With myrcene: deep, musky profile (classic Kush signature). With limonene: "peppered citrus". Perceivable already below 0.3 %.

Occurrence

In the plant, caryophyllene forms a typical sesquiterpene peak together with its isomer α-humulene. Many Kush, Cookies and Diesel-related genetics are caryophyllene-dominant. The caryophyllene/humulene ratio allows quick chemovar classification. Unlike lighter monoterpenes, caryophyllene is relatively heat-stable and survives combustion better than e.g. myrcene — which is why peppery notes remain clearly perceivable even in a joint.

Effect

Via CB2, caryophyllene is associated with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and potentially anxiolytic effects (Hashiesh et al. 2020). Because CB2 is mainly peripheral, there is no psychotropic effect. Preclinical models: neuropathic pain, colitis, anxiety-like behaviour. For users, this often translates to "physically calming, clear-headed". Legal note: in Switzerland, cannabis with ≥ 1 % THC is a narcotic. CBD flowers below 1 % THC are legal; medical cannabis requires authorisation. Effect descriptions are not therapeutic claims.